#Non-renewable resources in Bangladesh
#Part-6
#Part-6
#hardrock
Hardrock is hard crystalline and consolidated rock. It is usually formed underground during Precambrian Era. Basically hardrock geology is the study of igneous and metamorphic rock.
#Age: more than 600 (or 570) million years.The age of basement rock of continental crust (1.7-2 billion years) and oceanic crust (0-250 million years). Continental crust is older because it is light and thick enough so it is not subducted, while oceanic crust is periodically subducted and replaced at subduction and oceanic rifting areas.
#Example: Igneous rock: Granite, Basalt, Diorite, Gabbro, and Kimberlite; Metamorphic rock: Gneiss, Quartzite and Marble.
Hardrock is hard crystalline and consolidated rock. It is usually formed underground during Precambrian Era. Basically hardrock geology is the study of igneous and metamorphic rock.
#Age: more than 600 (or 570) million years.The age of basement rock of continental crust (1.7-2 billion years) and oceanic crust (0-250 million years). Continental crust is older because it is light and thick enough so it is not subducted, while oceanic crust is periodically subducted and replaced at subduction and oceanic rifting areas.
#Example: Igneous rock: Granite, Basalt, Diorite, Gabbro, and Kimberlite; Metamorphic rock: Gneiss, Quartzite and Marble.
#basement/Crystalline basement rock?
Basement rock is the thick foundation of ancient, and generally complex of oldest metamorphic and igneous rock that forms the crust of continents, often in the form of granite. Crystalline basement rock made up of minerals in a clearly crystalline state.
Basement rock is the thick foundation of ancient, and generally complex of oldest metamorphic and igneous rock that forms the crust of continents, often in the form of granite. Crystalline basement rock made up of minerals in a clearly crystalline state.
#engineering/construction stones
Generally hardrock, dense igneous and metamorphic rock is named as engineering stone or construction stone. As construction stones are usually used in roads and highways construction, railways, dams, bridges, house building and flood control, they are called construction/engineering stones.
Generally hardrock, dense igneous and metamorphic rock is named as engineering stone or construction stone. As construction stones are usually used in roads and highways construction, railways, dams, bridges, house building and flood control, they are called construction/engineering stones.
#hardrock in Bangladesh
Maddhapara, Dinajpur (depth 128m); Ranipukur and Pirganj, Rangpur (171m and 265m); Bogra (2150m); Joypurhat-Jamalgonj (600-667m), and Kansat, Chapainawabganj (615m).
#construction materials such as boulders, gravels deposits at Tetulia-Panchagarh, Dinajpur district; Kaptai-Alikadam-Ukhia-Teknaf-St. Martin's Island; Chittagong and Sylhet district.
Maddhapara, Dinajpur (depth 128m); Ranipukur and Pirganj, Rangpur (171m and 265m); Bogra (2150m); Joypurhat-Jamalgonj (600-667m), and Kansat, Chapainawabganj (615m).
#construction materials such as boulders, gravels deposits at Tetulia-Panchagarh, Dinajpur district; Kaptai-Alikadam-Ukhia-Teknaf-St. Martin's Island; Chittagong and Sylhet district.
#Madhapara Granite Mine (MGM)
Maddhapara Granite Mine (MGM) is the only one underground hard rock mine in Bangladesh. Maddhapara Granite Mining Company Limited (MGMCL) is a company of Petrobangla under the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources of Bangladesh.
Maddhapara Granite Mine (MGM) is the only one underground hard rock mine in Bangladesh. Maddhapara Granite Mining Company Limited (MGMCL) is a company of Petrobangla under the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources of Bangladesh.
#Formation: Hossain et al., 2007 suggested the possibility of basement rocks in Bangladesh forming the continuation of Central Indian Tectonic Zone and Meghalaya-Shillong Plateau in the Indian Shield. Apart from it was formed toward the final stages of assembly of the Columbia supercontinent (~1.9-1.7 Ga or billion years).
#Geological framework: Bangladesh is divided into (a) The Precambrian Indian Platform (subdivision Rangpur Saddle and Bogra shelf) (b) The basin or geosyncline (Bengal Fordeep and folded Belt). Maddhapara Granite Mine is located in Rangpur Saddle.
#Project started formally in 1994.
#Depth of rock: 128 meter from the surface.
#Hardness: 6.5 (Moh’s scale).
#Rock types: dominantly dioritic with minor granitoids. Also Granite, granodiorite, quartzdiorite and gneiss.
#Minerals: amphibole and biotite form the dominant mafic minerals in all the rock types.
#Age: Precambrian (greater than 600 million years). It took place at ca. 1.7 Ga or billion years (Hossain et al., 2007).
#Reserve & mine area: Reserve in the mine area of 1.0 km × 1.2 km =1.2 km2 is 174 million tons.
#Annual Production: 1.65 million tons.
#Life of the mine: Project analysis based on 41 years but mine operation life may be extended for more than 70 years.
#Method of mine: Room & Pillar/ Sub-Level Drift Stopping Method. There are 5 stopes under production of which two are in the south and three are in the north. The length, height and width of each stope are 230 m, 60 m and 20 m, respectively.
#blasting operation: The long hole drilling is used in MGM and fan pattern is used for blasting operation. Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) and power gel are used for blasting purpose.
#Mode of Entry (Length & dia. of shafts): Two Vertical shafts (The length of the skip shaft (for carrying hardrock) is 380m & cage shaft (for carrying machineries and mine workers) is 330 m. Inner diameter of both shafts is 5.0 m. and distance between two shafts is 85 m).
#Investment cost (TK. In lakh): Total Local FE 1024998.31 33110.06 69388.25 ($ 197.889 m.) ($ 57.086 m.) ($ 140.803 m.)
#estimated production cost: TK. 702 / ton ($12.095 / ton). (a) After completion of the Project Annual payment to Govt. (TK. In lakh): Total -5552.50; (b) Annual foreign exchange saving: TK. 13879.00 lakh ($ 23.925m).
#Mineralogical composition: (a) Essential mineral: Plagioclase (42-61%), Hornblende (19-53%), Biotite (1-8%), Quartz (1-7%), K-feldspar (1-10%) and Titanite (<1%). (b) Accessory mineral: Epidote, Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Zircon and Apatite.
#Chemical composition: See Fig.
#Geological framework: Bangladesh is divided into (a) The Precambrian Indian Platform (subdivision Rangpur Saddle and Bogra shelf) (b) The basin or geosyncline (Bengal Fordeep and folded Belt). Maddhapara Granite Mine is located in Rangpur Saddle.
#Project started formally in 1994.
#Depth of rock: 128 meter from the surface.
#Hardness: 6.5 (Moh’s scale).
#Rock types: dominantly dioritic with minor granitoids. Also Granite, granodiorite, quartzdiorite and gneiss.
#Minerals: amphibole and biotite form the dominant mafic minerals in all the rock types.
#Age: Precambrian (greater than 600 million years). It took place at ca. 1.7 Ga or billion years (Hossain et al., 2007).
#Reserve & mine area: Reserve in the mine area of 1.0 km × 1.2 km =1.2 km2 is 174 million tons.
#Annual Production: 1.65 million tons.
#Life of the mine: Project analysis based on 41 years but mine operation life may be extended for more than 70 years.
#Method of mine: Room & Pillar/ Sub-Level Drift Stopping Method. There are 5 stopes under production of which two are in the south and three are in the north. The length, height and width of each stope are 230 m, 60 m and 20 m, respectively.
#blasting operation: The long hole drilling is used in MGM and fan pattern is used for blasting operation. Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) and power gel are used for blasting purpose.
#Mode of Entry (Length & dia. of shafts): Two Vertical shafts (The length of the skip shaft (for carrying hardrock) is 380m & cage shaft (for carrying machineries and mine workers) is 330 m. Inner diameter of both shafts is 5.0 m. and distance between two shafts is 85 m).
#Investment cost (TK. In lakh): Total Local FE 1024998.31 33110.06 69388.25 ($ 197.889 m.) ($ 57.086 m.) ($ 140.803 m.)
#estimated production cost: TK. 702 / ton ($12.095 / ton). (a) After completion of the Project Annual payment to Govt. (TK. In lakh): Total -5552.50; (b) Annual foreign exchange saving: TK. 13879.00 lakh ($ 23.925m).
#Mineralogical composition: (a) Essential mineral: Plagioclase (42-61%), Hornblende (19-53%), Biotite (1-8%), Quartz (1-7%), K-feldspar (1-10%) and Titanite (<1%). (b) Accessory mineral: Epidote, Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Zircon and Apatite.
#Chemical composition: See Fig.
#Use: Flood control, construction of coastal and town protection embankment, construction and maintenance of bridge, roads and highway, embankment, river training, railway ballast, high rise buildings, decorated tiles and other heavy construction works.
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